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102 lines
4.6 KiB
Markdown
102 lines
4.6 KiB
Markdown
# Cygwin Reference
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Cygwin provides a large collection of GNU and Open Source tools that provide functionality similar to a Linux distribution on Windows, plus a POSIX API DLL (`cygwin1.dll`) for substantial Linux API compatibility.
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## Documentation
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- [Cygwin User's Guide](https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net.html) — comprehensive official documentation
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- [Cygwin FAQ](https://cygwin.com/faq.html)
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- [Cygwin Homepage](https://cygwin.com/)
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## User's Guide — Table of Contents
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### Chapter 1: Cygwin Overview
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- **What is it?** — POSIX compatibility layer and GNU toolset for Windows
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- **Quick Start Guide (Windows users)** — Getting started for those familiar with Windows
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- **Quick Start Guide (UNIX users)** — Getting started for those familiar with UNIX/Linux
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- **Are the Cygwin tools free software?** — Licensing (GPL/LGPL)
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- **A brief history of the Cygwin project** — Origins and evolution
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- **Highlights of Cygwin Functionality**
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- Permissions and Security
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- File Access
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- Text Mode vs. Binary Mode
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- ANSI C Library
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- Process Creation
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- Signals
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- Sockets and Select
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- **What's new and what changed** — Release notes for all versions (1.7.x through 3.6)
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### Chapter 2: Setting Up Cygwin
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- **Internet Setup** — Installing via `setup-x86_64.exe`, mirror selection, package management
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- **Environment Variables** — Configuring `PATH`, `HOME`, `CYGWIN` and other environment variables
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- **Changing Cygwin's Maximum Memory** — Adjusting memory limits via the registry
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- **Internationalization** — Locale and character set configuration
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- **Customizing bash** — `.bashrc`, `.bash_profile`, and prompt customization
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### Chapter 3: Using Cygwin
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- **Mapping path names** — How Cygwin maps POSIX paths to Windows paths (`/cygdrive/c` = `C:\`)
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- **Text and Binary modes** — Line ending handling (`\n` vs `\r\n`), mount options
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- **File permissions** — POSIX permission model on NTFS, ACLs
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- **Special filenames** — Device files, `/proc`, `/dev`, socket files
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- **POSIX accounts, permission, and security** — User/group mapping, `passwd`/`group` files, `ntsec`
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- **Cygserver** — Background service for shared memory, message queues, semaphores
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- **Cygwin Utilities** — Built-in command-line tools:
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- `cygcheck` — System information and package diagnostics
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- `cygpath` — Convert between POSIX and Windows paths
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- `cygstart` — Open files/URLs with associated Windows applications
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- `dumper` — Create Windows minidumps
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- `getconf` — Query POSIX system configuration
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- `getfacl` / `setfacl` — Get/set file access control lists
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- `ldd` — List shared library dependencies
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- `locale` — Display locale information
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- `minidumper` — Write a minidump of a running process
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- `mkgroup` / `mkpasswd` — Generate group/passwd entries from Windows accounts
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- `mount` / `umount` — Manage Cygwin mount table
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- `passwd` — Change passwords
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- `pldd` — List loaded DLLs for a process
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- `profiler` — Profile Cygwin programs
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- `ps` — List running processes
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- `regtool` — Access the Windows registry from the shell
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- `setmetamode` — Control meta key behavior in the console
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- `ssp` — Single-step profiler
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- `strace` — Trace system calls and signals
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- `tzset` — Print POSIX-compatible timezone string
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- **Case-sensitive directories** — Enabling per-directory case sensitivity on Windows 10+
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- **Using Cygwin effectively with Windows** — Integration tips, running Windows programs from Cygwin
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### Chapter 4: Programming with Cygwin
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- **Using GCC with Cygwin** — Compiling C/C++ programs with the Cygwin GCC toolchain
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- **Debugging Cygwin Programs** — Using GDB and other debugging tools
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- **Building and Using DLLs** — Creating shared libraries under Cygwin
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- **Defining Windows Resources** — Resource files and `windres`
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- **Profiling Cygwin Programs** — Performance profiling with `gprof` and `ssp`
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## Key Concepts for Batch Scripting
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### Invoking Cygwin from Batch Files
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```batch
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REM Run a Cygwin command from a batch file
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C:\cygwin64\bin\bash.exe -l -c "ls -la /home"
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REM Convert a Windows path to POSIX for Cygwin
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C:\cygwin64\bin\cygpath.exe -u "C:\Users\John Doe\Documents"
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REM Convert a POSIX path back to Windows
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C:\cygwin64\bin\cygpath.exe -w "/home/jdoe/project"
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```
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### Common Environment Variables
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| Variable | Purpose |
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|----------|---------|
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| `CYGWIN` | Runtime options (e.g., `nodosfilewarning`, `winsymlinks:nativestrict`) |
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| `HOME` | User home directory |
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| `PATH` | Must include `/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin` for Cygwin tools |
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| `SHELL` | Default shell (typically `/bin/bash`) |
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| `TERM` | Terminal type for console applications |
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