awesome-copilot/skills/reviewing-oracle-to-postgres-migration/references/oracle-sysdate-sequences-dual.md

Oracle to PostgreSQL: Date Functions, Sequences, and DUAL

Problem

Oracle relies on several built-in constructs — SYSDATE, SYSTIMESTAMP, sequence NEXTVAL syntax, and the DUAL dummy table — that do not exist in PostgreSQL. Each requires a direct substitution.

SYSDATE and SYSTIMESTAMP

Oracle:

• SYSDATE — returns the current date and time (no time zone) as an Oracle DATE type
• SYSTIMESTAMP — returns the current timestamp with time zone

PostgreSQL:

• Use NOW() or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP for timestamp with time zone
• Use CURRENT_DATE for date only
• Use LOCALTIMESTAMP for timestamp without time zone (closer to Oracle's SYSDATE semantics)

-- Oracle
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;
INSERT INTO t (created_at) VALUES (SYSDATE);

-- PostgreSQL
SELECT NOW();
INSERT INTO t (created_at) VALUES (NOW());
-- or, if the column is DATE-only:
INSERT INTO t (created_at) VALUES (CURRENT_DATE);

Warning: Oracle DATE stores date and time; PostgreSQL DATE stores date only. If Oracle columns typed as DATE carry a time component, the PostgreSQL target column should be TIMESTAMP, not DATE.

Sequence NEXTVAL Syntax

Oracle:

SELECT my_sequence.NEXTVAL FROM DUAL;
INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES (my_sequence.NEXTVAL);

PostgreSQL:

SELECT nextval('my_sequence');
INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES (nextval('my_sequence'));

Key differences:

• PostgreSQL nextval() is a function call with the sequence name as a quoted string argument
• Oracle uses dot notation: sequence_name.NEXTVAL
• Oracle also has CURRVAL → PostgreSQL currval('sequence_name')
• If the column uses a DEFAULT nextval(...) constraint (set during Phase 4 DDL migration), application code can omit the sequence call entirely and omit the column from the INSERT

DUAL Table

Oracle requires a FROM DUAL clause in SELECT statements that evaluate expressions without a real table. PostgreSQL does not have DUAL — expressions can be selected without a FROM clause.

-- Oracle
SELECT 1 + 1 FROM DUAL;
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;
SELECT my_sequence.NEXTVAL FROM DUAL;

-- PostgreSQL
SELECT 1 + 1;
SELECT NOW();
SELECT nextval('my_sequence');

orafce extension: If orafce is installed, it provides a DUAL view that makes Oracle-style FROM DUAL queries work without changes. This is a useful transitional aid but should not be relied on permanently.

Migration Actions

1. Stored Procedures

• Replace all SYSDATE / SYSTIMESTAMP references with NOW() or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (verify column type — use LOCALTIMESTAMP if the target is TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE)
• Replace sequence_name.NEXTVAL with nextval('sequence_name')
• Replace sequence_name.CURRVAL with currval('sequence_name')
• Remove FROM DUAL from all expression-only SELECT statements

2. Application Code (inline SQL strings)

Search C# string literals for SYSDATE, SYSTIMESTAMP, .NEXTVAL, .CURRVAL, and FROM DUAL. Apply the same substitutions.

3. Tests

• Verify datetime assertions use timezone-safe comparisons (see oracle-to-postgres-timestamp-timezone.md for Npgsql-specific behavior)
• Verify sequence-dependent IDs are correctly populated in assertions