awesome-copilot/skills/reviewing-oracle-to-postgres-migration/references/oracle-rownum-pagination.md

Oracle to PostgreSQL: ROWNUM Pagination vs LIMIT/OFFSET

Problem

Oracle uses ROWNUM pseudo-column for pagination and row-limiting. PostgreSQL uses standard LIMIT / OFFSET syntax. ROWNUM is also fundamentally different in when it is assigned, which affects filtering behavior.

Behavior Comparison

Oracle:

• ROWNUM is assigned before ORDER BY — filtering with ROWNUM on an unordered result set is non-deterministic
• Common pattern to get "top N ordered rows" requires a subquery:

  SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY col) WHERE ROWNUM <= 10
  

• ROWNUM BETWEEN n AND m requires a double-wrapped subquery

PostgreSQL:

• LIMIT n restricts result rows after ORDER BY is applied — straightforward and deterministic
• OFFSET n skips rows; combine with LIMIT for pagination
• No ROWNUM pseudo-column exists

Code Example

-- Oracle: top 10 rows by date
SELECT * FROM (
  SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY created_at DESC
) WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;

-- PostgreSQL equivalent
SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10;

-- Oracle: rows 11–20 (keyset pagination via ROWNUM)
SELECT * FROM (
  SELECT t.*, ROWNUM rn FROM (
    SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY created_at DESC
  ) t WHERE ROWNUM <= 20
) WHERE rn > 10;

-- PostgreSQL equivalent
SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10 OFFSET 10;

Migration Actions

1. Stored Procedures

Replace all ROWNUM-based limiting patterns with LIMIT/OFFSET:

-- Oracle
WHERE ROWNUM = 1
WHERE ROWNUM <= :n

-- PostgreSQL
LIMIT 1
LIMIT :n            -- note: use $n parameter style in PL/pgSQL

For subquery wrapping patterns:

-- Oracle
SELECT * FROM (SELECT ... ORDER BY col) WHERE ROWNUM <= :n

-- PostgreSQL
SELECT ... ORDER BY col LIMIT :n

2. Application Code (inline SQL strings)

Search for ROWNUM in C# string literals, StringBuilder, and query-builder methods. Apply the same replacement patterns above.

3. Tests

Ensure integration tests validate that result set sizes are correct and that ordering is preserved (i.e., the correct n rows are returned, not just any n rows).